![]() One of the key challenges that determine the method of removal of aged jacket platforms is subsea cutting techniques. In the Malaysian waters, there are over 300 fixed jacket platforms, and most of them exceeded the design service life of 25 to 30 years. This unique status is largely due to the exploratory efforts of the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD) of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India since 1950s.ĭecommissioning offshore platforms present unique safety and health challenges to the oil and gas industry. India meets about 10% of the world requirement of garnet. Indian resources constitute about 35% of world resources of Ilmenite, 10% of Rutile, 14% of Zircon and 71.4% of Monazite. The Indian resources of placer minerals are: 348 Million tons (Mt) of Ilmenite, 107 Mt of garnet, 21 Mt of zircon, 18 Mt of monazite and 130 Mt of Sillimanite. Zircon, monazite and Sillimanite are ubiquitous in both the beach and inland red Teri sands, and constitute potential co-products. The Indian ilmenite commonly contains 50-60% TiO2 and is suitable for various process technologies. Ilmenite-rich major beach and dune sand deposits occur in the coastal stretches of Kerala (Chavara), Tamil Nadu (Manavala kurichi, Midalam, Vayakallur), Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. A combination of favorable factors like network of drainage, aided by wind and coastal processes like waves and currents, have influenced the formation of the beach and adjoining dune sands. The beach and dune sands in India contain heavy minerals like ilmenite, rutile, garnet, zircon, monazite and sillimanite. India, gifted with a coastline of over 6000 km, hosts some of the largest and richest shoreline placers.
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